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译介项目五

摩尔人史诗泰伊丁

Moorish epic T’heydinn

图1 演述者在表演史诗泰伊丁

　　项目基本信息

　　入选年份：2011

　　申报国家：毛里塔尼亚伊斯兰共和国

　　名录名册类型：急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录

图2 演述者在表演史诗泰伊丁

　　英文简介

The T’heydinn epic encompasses dozens of poems lauding the glorious feats of Moorish emirs and sultans. It propounds ancestral values underpinning the way of life of the Moorish community in Mauritania, and constitutes a literary and artistic manifestation of the Hassaniya language. Griots perform the epic accompanied by traditional stringed instruments such as the lute and harp, and the kettledrum. Griots preserve the collective memory of society through the poems, passing down knowledge and skills from father to son, with young griots first learning the instrumental skills before being initiated into the poetic tradition. The T’heydinn constitutes a permanent bond between the griots and their tribe, with a particular repertoire distinguishing each griot family. The epic is performed at social events including weddings, reconciliation ceremonies and invitations. Performances are occasions for regional tribal and family reunions, strengthening social ties and promoting a culture of social peace and mutual assistance. Performance of the T’heydinn epic is, however, in decline. Griots with full knowledge of the epic are few in number and most are elderly. Moreover, demand for performance has decreased and young griots tend to perform the epic in abridged form or know only certain episodes, which threatens the viability of the T’heydinn epic. 

图3 演述者在表演史诗泰伊丁

　　中文简介

　　泰伊丁史诗包含许多首赞美摩尔埃米尔和苏丹丰功伟绩的诗歌。史诗中提出的祖先的价值观，支撑着毛里塔尼亚摩尔人社区的生活方式，也构成哈萨尼亚（“Hassaniya”之音译）语的文学和艺术表现形式。演述人（格里奥）在传统弦乐器，如鲁特琴、竖琴和半球形铜鼓的伴奏下表演史诗，他们通过诗歌保存社会的集体记忆，父子之间传承知识和技艺，年轻的格里奥在开始诗歌传统之前要先学习器乐的演奏技巧。泰伊丁构成了格里奥和他们部落之间的永恒纽带，每个格里奥家庭都有一个独特的曲目。史诗通常在社会活动上表演，包括婚礼、和解仪式和宴请。演出的场合是区域部落和家族聚会，这种表演能够加强社会联系，促进社会和平与互助的文化。然而，泰伊丁史诗表演日渐衰落，全面掌握史诗知识的艺人人数极少，且大部分是老人。此外，人们对泰伊丁史诗表演的需要也减少了，年轻的格里奥更倾向于表演缩减版的史诗，或是仅仅掌握某些特定章节，这些都对泰伊丁史诗的存续力构成威胁。

译介项目六

伊朗戏剧化叙事那卡力

Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling

图4 伊朗戏剧化叙事那卡力

　　项目基本信息

　　入选年份：2011

　　申报国家：伊朗伊斯兰共和国

　　名录名册类型：急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录

图5 伊朗戏剧化叙事那卡力

　　英文简介

Naqqāli is the oldest form of dramatic performance in the Islamic Republic of Iran and has long played an important role in society, from the courts to the villages. The performer – the Naqqāl – recounts stories in verse or prose accompanied by gestures and movements, and sometimes instrumental music and painted scrolls. Naqqāls function both as entertainers and as bearers of Persian literature and culture, and need to be acquainted with local cultural expressions, languages and dialects, and traditional music. Naqqāli requires considerable talent, a retentive memory and the ability to improvise with skill to captivate an audience. The Naqqāls wear simple costumes, but may also don ancient helmets or armoured jackets during performances to help recreate battle scenes. Female Naqqāls perform before mixed audiences. Until recently, Naqqāls were deemed the most important guardians of folk-tales, ethnic epics and Iranian folk music. Naqqāli was formerly performed in coffeehouses, tents of nomads, houses, and historical venues such as ancient caravanserais. However, a decline in the popularity of coffeehouses, combined with new forms of entertainment, has resulted in diminishing interest in Naqqāli performance. The aging of master performers ''(morsheds)'' and the decreasing popularity among younger generations have caused a steep drop in the number of skilled Naqqāls, threatening the survival of this dramatic art.

图6 伊朗戏剧化叙事那卡力

　　中文简介

　　那卡力是伊朗伊斯兰共和国最古老的戏剧表演形式，从宫廷到民间，它长期在社会中发挥着至关重要的作用。那卡力的表演者那卡尔，以诗歌或散文的形式叙述故事，伴以手势和动作，有时伴有器乐和画卷。那卡尔既是表演者又是波斯文学和文化的持有者，需要熟悉地方文化表达、语言文字、方言及传统音乐。那卡力要求表演者极具天赋，需要有很强的记忆力以及运用技巧即兴创作来吸引观众的能力。那卡尔服装简单，但演出时也会穿戴古代头盔或铠甲来重塑战争场面。女性那卡尔可在混合社区的观众面前表演。在此前很长一段时间内，那卡尔一直都被视为民间故事、民族史诗和伊朗民间音乐最重要的守护者。从前的那卡力在咖啡馆、游牧者帐篷、居所，以及如古代驿站那样的历史场所里表演。然而，随着咖啡馆受欢迎程度的下降和新的娱乐形式的涌现，人们对那卡力表演的兴趣逐渐减少。那卡力表演大师（穆尔希德）的老龄化，以及年轻一代兴趣的降低，都导致了技艺娴熟的那卡尔人数骤减，从而对这项戏剧艺术的生存产生威胁。