本文为“一带一路”非遗项目译介专题的第3期

译介项目四

塔古尔达，阿拉伯联合酋长国和阿曼苏丹国贝都因人的传统诗歌吟唱

Al-Taghrooda, traditional Bedouin chanted poetry in the United Arab Emirates 

and the Sultanate of Oman

图1 塔古尔达，阿拉伯联合酋长国和阿曼苏丹国贝都因人的传统诗歌吟唱（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站）

　　▲ 项目基本信息

　　入选年份：2012

　　申报国家：阿拉伯联合酋长国、阿曼苏丹国

　　名录名册类型：人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录

图2 塔古尔达，阿拉伯联合酋长国和阿曼苏丹国贝都因人的传统诗歌吟唱（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站）

　　▲ 英文简介

　　Al-Taghrooda traditional Bedouin chanted poetry is composed and recited by men travelling on camelback through desert areas of the United Arab Emirates and the Sultanate of Oman. Bedouins believe that chanting entertains the riders and stimulates animals to walk in time. Short poems of seven lines or less are improvised and repeated between two groups of riders often as antiphonal singing. Generally the lead singer chants the first verse and the second group responds. Poems are also chanted around campfires, at weddings, and at tribal and national festivities, particularly camel races, and some Bedouin women compose and chant while engaged in collective work. The most important aspect is the social bonding during the oral exchange of verses. Themes include sending messages to loved ones, relatives, friends or tribal chiefs. It is also a medium for the poet to pass comment on social issues. Other functions include settlement of disputes among individuals or tribes, highlighting historical achievements, and contemporary themes such as good driving practice and health issues. Performances also provide a chance for audiences to learn about their past history and have a glimpse of their traditional way of life. The ability to compose and chant poems is transmitted through the family and by community elders.

图3 塔古尔达，阿拉伯联合酋长国和阿曼苏丹国贝都因人的传统诗歌吟唱（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站）

　　▲ 中文简介

　　塔古尔达，贝都因人的传统诗歌吟唱，是由骑着骆驼穿越阿拉伯联合酋长国和阿曼苏丹国沙漠地区的人们创作并吟诵的。贝都因人认为，诗歌吟唱既是沙漠骑士的娱乐消遣，又能有效促进骆驼及时行进。两队骆驼骑士通常即兴创作并轮流吟唱七行及七行以下的短诗。通常，领唱吟唱第一段诗，第二队作诗回应。人们还在营火边、婚礼上、部落和国家庆典中，尤其在赛骆驼时吟唱诗歌。一些贝都因妇女在从事集体劳动时也会创作并吟唱诗歌。这种口头交流诗歌的过程，其最重要的功能是增强社会凝聚力。诗歌吟唱的主题包含给爱人、亲人、友人或部落首领传达消息，它同样是诗人发表对社会问题见解的媒介。诗歌吟唱的其他功能还包括解决个人和部落间的争端，歌颂历史功绩。当代主题包括良好的驾驶习惯和健康问题。塔古尔达表演还为观众提供了一个了解历史、回顾传统生活方式的机会。诗歌创作和吟唱的技能通过家族和社区长者的传授得以承续。

译介项目五

男子群体圣诞颂歌仪式

Men’s group Colindat, Christmas-time ritual

图4 男子群体圣诞颂歌仪式（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站）

▲ 项目基本信息

入选年份：2013

申报国家：罗马尼亚、摩尔多瓦共和国

名录名册类型：人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录

图5 男子群体圣诞颂歌仪式（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站）

　　▲ 英文简介

Each year before Christmas, groups of young men gather in villages throughout Romania and the Republic of Moldova to prepare for the ritual of Colindat. On Christmas Eve, they go from house to house performing festive songs. Afterwards, the hosts offer the singers ritual gifts and money. The songs have an epic content, which is adapted to each host’s individual circumstances. Ritual performers also sing special, auspicious songs for unmarried girls and dance with them – a practice said to help them find a husband within the next year. Colindat is sometimes performed in costume, with instrumental accompaniment and choreography. Groups of young men (traditionally unmarried) are the main bearers and practitioners of the element; experienced men, often former group leaders, are responsible for the group’s training. The ritual songs are learned at daily rehearsals from the time the group is formed until Christmas Eve. In some areas, children are allowed to attend these rehearsals in order to learn the repertoire. As well as conveying the season’s greetings, this cultural heritage plays an important role in preserving social identity and ensuring cohesion.

图6 男子群体圣诞颂歌仪式（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站）

　　▲ 中文简介

每年圣诞节前，罗马尼亚和摩尔多瓦共和国村落中的青年男子会成群结队地聚集在一起，为圣诞颂歌仪式做准备。平安夜时，他们挨家挨户演唱节日歌曲。表演过后，户主会赠与歌者一些礼节性的礼物和金钱。歌曲含有叙事内容，并依据每家每户不同的情况而作相应的调整。此仪式的表演者们还会为未婚女子演唱特定且吉祥的歌曲，并与她们共舞，据说这一习俗能帮助她们在来年找到好伴侣。有时，表演者身着仪式服饰演出，并配有乐器伴奏和编舞。此代表作名录项目的主要传承人是青年男子（按传统，应是未婚男青年）。那些具有丰富表演经验的人，通常都是昔日领队，负责团队的训练。从歌队建立之初直到平安夜当晚，表演者在日复一日的排练中学习仪式歌曲。在某些地区，为了学习表演曲目，孩子们可以参加排练。除了表达节日问候外，该文化遗产在维护社会认同感和确保社会凝聚力方面起到了至关重要的作用。

　　往期回顾请点击：

　　1.【“一带一路”非遗项目译介】第1期：从“一带一路”国家非遗数据说起

　　2.【“一带一路”非遗项目译介】第2期：沙士木卡姆音乐、蒙古族长调民歌

　　更多项目译介，请关注下期内容，我们将持续发布。（翻译：朱颖；翻译校对：李楠；图片：联合国教科文组织官方网站）