入选年份：2016

申报国家：德意志联邦共和国、沙特阿拉伯王国、奥地利共和国、比利时王国、阿拉伯联合酋长国、西班牙王国、法兰西共和国、匈牙利、意大利共和国、哈萨克斯坦共和国、摩洛哥王国、蒙古国、巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国、葡萄牙共和国、卡塔尔国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、大韩民国、捷克共和国

名录名册类型：人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录

图2 训鹰者群体有着相似的情感和价值观（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站） 

Originally a method of obtaining food, the practice of falconry has evolved over time to be more associated with nature conservation, cultural heritage and social engagement within and amongst communities. Following their own set of traditions and ethical principles, falconers train, fly and breed birds of prey (which includes besides falcons, birds such as eagles and hawks) developing a bond with them and becoming their main source of protection. The practice, present in many countries around the world, may vary regarding certain aspects, for example the type of equipment used but the methods remain similar. Falconers regard themselves as a group and may travel weeks at a time engaging in the practice, while in the evenings recounting stories of the day together. They consider falconry as providing a connection to the past, particularly for communities for which the practice is one of their few remaining links with their natural environment and traditional culture. Knowledge and skills are transmitted in an intergenerational manner within families by formal mentoring, apprenticeship or training in clubs and schools. In some countries, a national examination must be passed in order to become a falconer. Field meets and festivals provide opportunities for communities to share knowledge, raise awareness and promote diversity. 

图3 马背上的训鹰者（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站） 

弓弦乐器卡曼查的制作和演奏艺术

Art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha, a bowed string musical instrument

入选年份：2017

申报国家：阿塞拜疆共和国、伊朗伊斯兰共和国

名录名册类型：人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录

图5 德黑兰的音乐学院中，小女孩正在老师的指导下学习卡曼查演奏技术（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站） 

    The art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha (‘little bow’), a bowed string instrument, has existed for over 1,000 years. In the Islamic Republic of Iran and Azerbaijan, it constitutes a major element of classical and folkloric music, and performances occupy a central place in a wide number of social and cultural gatherings. Contemporary practitioners mainly use a four-stringed Kamantcheh/Kamancha comprising a body and bow made with horsehair and players perform either individually or as part of orchestras. Bearers and practitioners consist of craftspeople, amateur or professional players, and teachers and students of the element. Kamantcheh/Kamancha is an essential part of musical culture in both countries, and while crafting the instrument represents a direct source of earning a living, craftspeople also perceive the art as a strong part of the intangible cultural heritage of their communities. Through their music, performers convey many themes, from the mythological to the gnostic and the comic. Today, knowledge of performing and crafting Kamantcheh/Kamancha is transmitted both within families and in State-sponsored musical institutions and schools. Knowledge about the importance of the music in promoting cultural identity is transmitted from generation to generation in all strata of society in both countries. 

图6 把民族元素融入卡曼查的设计中（来源：联合国教科文组织官方网站） 

    卡曼查是一种弓弦乐器，它的制作和演奏艺术已有一千多年的历史。在伊朗伊斯兰共和国和阿塞拜疆共和国，它是古典和民间音乐的主要组成部分，在众多社交和文化聚会中，这一表演占据了首要地位。现今该项目的从业者主要使用四弦卡曼查，这种乐器由琴身和琴弓组成，琴弓由马毛制成。表演者或独奏，或作为管弦乐队的一员参与演奏。传承人和从业者包含手工艺人、业余或职业演奏者，以及与该项目相关的老师和学生。卡曼查是这两个国家音乐文化的基本要素，制作乐器是手工艺人谋生的主要途径，同时，他们也将这门艺术视为社区非物质文化遗产中极其重要的组成部分。表演者通过音乐传达多重主题，从神话到诺斯替教和喜剧。如今，制作和演奏卡曼查的知识在家庭内部和国家资助的音乐机构和学校中传承延续。关于音乐在促进文化认同方面重要性的知识，在上述两国社会各阶层代代相传。